How The Modern Police Force Has Developed Criminology Essay

How The Modern Police Force Has Developed Criminology Essay This assignment looks at how the modern police force has developed since it was first formed as the Metropolitan Police force and how it has developed to and expanded. Also how the public perceives the police and what they expect from them. In the early 19th century there was very little organisation in the police force, but as London expanded and the population increased the law and order needed to be maintained. Crime and policy came under investigation and in 1828 Sir Robert Peel organised a committee that provided evidence for his new police bill which is the main thing that led to the police force in London becoming organised. The metropolitan police was first organised in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel and Sir Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne are appointed as Justices of the peace who are in charge of the police force. In 1834 the select committee who inquire into how well the police are working within the metropolis area reported that that the metropolitan police force, as respects its influence in repressing crime and the security it has given to persons and property, is one of the most valuable modern institution. In 1836 the metropolitan police take the bow street horse patrol into its ranks. The select committee the n look into affairs of police officers and recommend that the City of London police should be put under the control of the metropolitan police force. In 1838 the select committee recommends that the marine police section and the bow street runners, who were the first organised and paid police force, and the bow street office is also to be disbanded. All of these recommendations came into effect in this year. The dockyard division of the metropolitan police is formed in 1841 and in 42 the detective department is formed. By 1845 the commissioners aim to have one police officer to every 450 people in the population. By the end of the 1840s there was a large scale enrolment into the special constabulary to help the metropolitan police deal with the chartist demonstrations, the strength of the metropolitan police was 5,288 who were able to perform duty and the population of London at the time was 2,473,758. The black marias were used to move prisoners in 1857. In 1862 there was further r ecruitment into the metropolitan police and the X and Y divisions were formed in west London and Y division in the north and later on they patrolled north east London. The standard height is raised to 5ft 8ins except for the dockyard division which is 5ft 7ins. The police strike for the first time in 1872. The police offices at Great Scotland yard are taken into possession on the 4th October 1875 by the detective department. In 1879 Initial rules for dealing with Murder cases, released on 7 June, stated the body must not be moved, nor anything about it or in the room or place interfered with, and the public must be excluded.. there were 13,319 officers in the metropolitan police force by 1885 for a population 5,255,069. The new headquarters are opened at New Scotland Yard in 1890. In 1895 there were certain qualifications that had to be met to join the police which were they had to be over 21 and under 27 when they joined, they also had to be 5ft 9ins tall without shoes, they also h ave to be able to read well and have readable writing, have a reasonable level of intelligence and be in good health. In the last year of the 19th century the metropolitan police force had risen to 16,000 officers to police 7 million people. The finger print bureau started operations in 1901.when the First World War starts in 1914 24,000 special constables were recruited and by the end of the year there were 31,000 and women were also first recruited in this year to police the women who had taken over most of the jobs the men had done. By the end of the First World War there was another strike for more pay and better conditions and recognition of the union. Women started patrolling in 1919 and the flying squad was formed. The police box system was started on an experimental basis. The metropolitan police forensic laboratory is opened in 1935. The 999 system was introduced in 37. In the 60s the police started using vehicles more instead of foot patrols in the form of the panda car. T he headquarters are moved, in 1967, from the Norman Shaw building to Broadway but keeps the name New Scotland Yard. In 1980 the metropolitan Air Support Unit was first formed. In 1997 the National Automated Fingerprint Identification System was installed (N.A.F.I.S). The requirements to join the police has changed drastically since they first came in in 1895. There are no academic requirements, it is open to graduates and non graduates where as before officers had to have good level of reading and writing but because the education system has developed since the 19th century and everyone has to go to school that isnt usually a problem. There is no longer a height requirement for recruits especially know as there are no restrictions on sex or ethnic background to join the police. the age requirement is very broad now as it is 18 and a half -55 years old, where as before it was between 21 and 27 to join. Applicants still have to be reasonably fit and healthy but now have to go through several fitness tests. The entry requirements to join the police now are now more general as it is open to anyone. Police communications started when the telephone was first invented, police phones and boxes were set up in the cities so that police could check in and report crimes. The police boxes were replaced with the police band radio came in several configuration, some had multiple channels, the radio was usually mounted in a panda car and was used to inform and update other officers on patrol. The radio has developed further into the radio system that is used today which is the airwave radio. The airwave radio is a digital and has replaced the analogue radio. There are many benefits of the airwaves radio some of which are there is improved coverage and speech clarity, also improved security and encryptions of communications, national roaming, scope for mobile data applications and improved ability for inter operational communications between the police and other emergency services. The police needed a new radio system because the old one had become out of date and the digital technology pro vides much better coverage and clearer signals. The TETRA technology covers more of the country so there are fewer gaps in the coverage, TETRA can also cope with major incidents when there are going to be many radios being used at the same time without overloading the network. During the Brixton riots the police were not equipped properly to deal with the situation and not only did many officers get injured but they were also forced to use bin lids for protection. The riot gear has since improved and the padded protection covers the body, there are proper helmets with face guards and the shield that are designed to with stand the situation of a riot. Sikhs in the police are not allowed to join the fire arms unit because they cant wear a helmet due to their religious requirements which are the 5 ks. The one that is the problem is the Kesh or uncut hair. Having uncut hair is believed to be a symbol of holiness and strength and is also a symbol of their wish to move beyond concerns of the body. British Police Sikh Association calls on Home Office to develop ballistic material to allow members to join firearms units. Sikh police officers want to have bulletproof turbans made so that they can be in the fire arms unit. In Sikhism men are required to wear a turban but because of the current police safety regulations they have to wear a helmet but they dont fit on top of the turbans and their religion states that they are not allowed to remove the turban. A ballistic material is being developed that would provide a degree of protection when worn so that Sikh police officers can be involved in fire arms operations, although there is an au gment that Sikhs dont have to wear crash helmets when they are riding a bike or motorcycle under the motorcycle crash helmets(religious exemption) act 1976. Research has begun to find the right material for making the bulletproof turban but it needs to pass the Home Offices tests before it can be issued to officers. Tens of thousands of pounds has already been spent to try and find a wear that Sikhs can wear but will also provide an adequate amount of protection, this happened when a Sikh officer applied to join the counter-terrorist operational Support Unit. Police community support officer (PCSO), work on the frontline with the local police force, providing a visible and reassuring presence on the streets and tackling the problem of anti-social behaviour. It is a full time, paid job. PCSOs have different roles in different forces, but they usually patrol a beat and interact with the public, while also offering assistance to police officers at crime scenes and major events. Depending on where they work, they can deal with minor offences, offer early intervention to help stop or slow down people who are committing an offence, provide support to police on the front line, conduct house to house enquiries, guard and monitor crime scenes and provide crime prevention advice to the general public. Although PCSOs do not have the same powers as regular police officers, they still carry a lot of responsibility, and are a critical part of the police force. They do not carry any of the equipment that regular police use like cuffs because they havent had the training and they dont have the right to enforce the law. Police community support officer will work to complement and support regular police officers, providing a visible and accessible uniformed presence to improve the quality of life in the community and offer greater public reassurance. Police community support officers have a unique role that is designed purely to tackle local anti-social behaviour and issues affecting other peopels quality of life. Police Forces continue to support community support officers because they areproviding a visible and regular patrol, unlike neighbourhood wardens, they are employed by the police and have some powers provided by an Act of Parliament to allow them to directly tackle some anti-social behaviour issues. The term moral panics are mainly associated with Stan Cohen, who used it in his book Mods and Rockers in the 60s. Cohens sociology was a mixture of American labelling theory and left wing British sociology which concerns youth and social class. Societies are subjected to periods of moral panic, a condition, episode, person or a group of people can be thought of a threat to a societies values and interests, its nature is stereotypically presented by the media. Sometimes the focus of the panic always around but can suddenly appear in the publics eye and can easily pass on and be forgotten but it can also be of a more serious nature and be kept in the front of the publics mind which can cause changes to be made in legal and social policies. One of the most remembered uses of the term was in Jock Youngs article in 1971 when he talked about the public concern about drug use. Thompson (1998) came up with five stages in a moral panic. One is something or someone that is defined as a threat to values or interests. Two is the threat is shown as a recognisable form by the media. Three is there is a quick build up of public concern. Four is that there is a response from the authorities. Five is the panic recedes or there are results in social changes. Conclusion The police have changed over the years to make them more efficient at their job of protecting the publics life and property. Thing like the new finger print system have helped to catch criminal and reduce the amount of crime. Police cars have made the police more mobile and capable of attending incidences quicker and the radio has made police able to communicate with any other officers with in their force and also they can report incidences and accidents quicker which allow other services to respond which saves more lives and makes the general public feel safer and trust the police with their safety. The police community support officers may not be able to enforce the law like regular officers but they can act as a deterrent because they are someone in uniform which criminals and law breakers would be aware of, they also provide reassurance to they public and can give information to other people making them aware of causes of crime and what the police do to stop it from happening. Th e police are making sure that all the forces have more women and ethnic minorities so that they can relate to the smaller communities who could other wise be less inclined to approach police because they might think of them as racist due to allegations that were made during the 1980s so having women and ethnic minorities working in the police gives the whole police force a more approachable look.

Election of 1900 :: essays research papers

Election of 1900   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The presidential election of 1900 was between candidates William McKinley, William Bryan, John Wooley, Eugene Debs. Although the race only really consisted of McKinley and Bryan it was still a close race by far.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  McKinley was born in Niles, Ohio, on January 29, 1843, the seventh child of William and Nancy Allison McKinley. Young McKinley grew up a serious boy, possessed of a quiet determination to succeed. He attended school in Poland, Ohio, and then went to Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania. William Byran was born March 19, 1860. He was unsuccessful candidate for President of the United States, at 36 he was the youngest person ever nominated for that office by a major political party. He was nominated a total of three times but never attained the office. His statue represents Iowa in Statuary Hall in the United States Capitol Building The campaign itself was largely a replay of the race in 1896- with Bryan campaigning rigorously and McKinley not venturing from the White House. The issue of currency and silver was no longer relevant, and instead the campaign issues were whether the United States should give independence for the territories received in its war with Spain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although not a landslide shift comparable to election swings in the 20th century, McKinley's victory ended the pattern of close popular margins that had characterized elections since the Civil War. McKinley received 7,218,491 votes (51.7 percent) to Bryan's 6,356,734 votes (45.5 percent)-a gain for the Republicans of 114,000 votes over their total in 1896. McKinley received nearly twice the number electoral votes than Bryan did. In congressional elections that year, Republicans held fifty-five Senate seats to thirty-one for the Democrats; and the McKinley's party captured 197 House seats compared to 151 for the Democrats. Indeed, the Republican Party had become the majority political party in the nation After four years in office, McKinley's popularity had risen, primarily because of his image as the victorious commander-in-chief of the Spanish-American War. McKinley was elected as president of 1901. This was his second term as president.

Practicum Format

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course BHRM450P : Practicum II for degree in Bachelor of Science in Hotel & Restaurant Management Hotel & Restaurant Management Department College of International Hospitality Management De La Salle University – Dasmarinas Dasmarinas, Cavite Presented to: Name of the Practicum Coordinator Presented by: Complete Name of Students Date Submitted TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES I. Introduction 3 Name and General Location 3 Ownership / Management 4Facilities, number of rooms and type, functions rooms 5 Outstanding characteristic of the establishment 5 II. Discuss of findings / Analysis / Recommendation 6 Areas of concern Organizational structure 6 Operations systems and procedures 6 Facilities, equipment, etc. 6 Man power – scheduling work, method, styles of communication 6 Work atmosphere, inter – personal relation 6 Use of material resources 6 Strength Improvement Areas / weakness 6 Recommendations 7 Introduction Crown Rege ncy is the name to trust when it comes to  Cebu city hotels.Establishing itself asan extraordinary hotelier, the Crown Regency name become synonymous with the word comfort. This tradition continued to exacting standards in  Crown Regency Residences  boast of unmatched accessibility with its strategic location along V. Rama Ave. Guadalupe, Cebu City. This places the hotel minutes away from the provincial capitol, historic Fuente Osmena and Guadalupe Church. Ambience is everything. Each of Crown Regency residences’ 167 guest rooms are designed to provide a homey ambience to ensure your utmost comfort.All our accommodations are fully air conditioned and are fitted with modern amenities such as coffee and tea – making facilities, 21† cable televisions, full baths, living and dining areas – everything you need to experience the best of Cebu. World class facilities and services Crown Regency and residences provides all the essentials for comfort. Weâ€℠¢ve thought or every need a seasoned business or leisure traveler could want. Whether your looking for a night restful sleep, a day of sports, an afternoon of total relaxation or an evening of fabulous feasts, you’ll always find something at crown regency.Add in our special blend of authentic hospitality and you have the makings of a great day. Location map Ownership / management J. King and Sons Company incorporated is a privately owned company headquartered in Cebu City, Philippines. It operates luxury hotels in top business gateways and leisure destinations nationwide. The company portfolio includes new properties, registered historic land marks, exceptional convention hotels and a spa and lifestyle club. It also operates a laundry service provider. Drive – in hotels strategically located in key cities ationwide, condominium towers, and condominium hotel projects, indoor sports and fitness facility and soon more vacation destination in the island of boracay. J. King and sons incorporated operates national sales offices in Makati and Cebu City; it services clients in major destination in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao and employs around 1000 employees. The company still remains J. King and Sons Trading which was founded in the 1950’s. another affiliated company is Yok Impex Incorporated, an import and export company based in Clark economic zone. J.King and Sons company inc. has also venture into health supplement business with VITA – C HEALTHS PRODUCTS INC. , a company engaged in the distribution of top quality and world class vitamin c sodium ascorbate with its eye on optimizing economic growth. J. Kimg and Sons is a major shareholder of this fast rising health supplement network company. Mission and Vision Our Mission Our mission is to be at the forefront of the hospitality and real estate industry in the country. We are determined to deliver quality products and services to exceed our clients’ satisfaction.We constantly ach ieve to reward them with superior experience and value for their money. Vision J. King and Sons company inc. sees itself as a globally recognized company that offers consistent products and services in key business and leisure destinations. Facilities, Number of Rooms and Type, Function Rooms Each room at the Crown Regency residences is designed to provide you with the utmost comfort. Following in the tradition of all crown regency accommodation, the Crown regency residences aims to amazed guest with its 167 well – appointed guest rooms.Each fully air – conditioned guest room is equipped with living and dining areas, full sized posture – pedic beds, fully equipped modern kitchen with cookware and dinnerware, complete bath facilities in – room broadband internet access and 21† colored television with cable services and remote control, all designed to help you enjoy business or pleasure while in cebu. All Crown Regency Residences rooms have: * Air con ditioning * Cable television * Full bath with bath tubs * Full sized beds * Refrigerator * Rates are inclusive of breakfastAn accommodating business partner * Full service business center * Five function rooms with sound proof partitions are ideal for small gatherings. These are convertible into an elegant grand ballroom perfect for large volume functions. Delectably delightful dining options * Sarimanok coffee shop * Cassanova lounge and Sports bar * Fabulous Fifties cafe * Sun Court Pool and Bar * Courtyard Grill and restaurant First class facilities * Swimming pool * Game room and sports bar * Regency day spa * Music box family ktv Services to exceed your expectations Concierge * Housekeeping * Laundry and pressing services * Valet * 24 – hour room service * Transportation * Wake – up calls * Telephone operator * Baby sitting services * Foreign currency exchange FINDINGS /ANALYSIS/ RECOMMENDATIONS Department: Food and Beverage Food and beverage service is the servin g of food made in the kitchen and drinks prepared in the bar for the customers or guest at food and beverage premises, which can be restaurants, bar, hotels, airlines, cruise ship, trains company, schools, colleges, hospitals, prison, takeaway, etc.Housekeeping House keeping services is the service provides by the hotel to their guest for the guest’s comfort and to maintain the cleanliness of the hotel. The housekeeping is the heart of the hotel. Front office Front office is the first place you will see when you entered in hotel facility. Every detail of hotel will be found in front office. And every complain or request of guest can be found in front office. Areas of concern Facilities and equipment Whether you’re a business or a leisure traveler, our facilities and services are sure to impress.A wide selection of sumptuous spreads, a state of the art fitness center, business centers and function rooms – these are only the few of the facilities we’ve made sure to include as integral parts of the crown regency tradition. And they all serve one purpose; to ensure your comfort and convenience. An accommodating business partner * Full – service business center * Five function rooms with sound proof partitions are ideal for small gatherings. These are convertible into an elegant ballroom perfect for large volume functions. WI –FI hotspot is inside the function rooms only First – class facilitiesCrown Regency is equipped with numerous facilities as comfortable and enjoyable as possible. * Swimming pool * Game room and sports bar * Regency day spa * Music box family ktv Services to exceed your expectations * Concierge * Housekeeping * Laundry and pressing services * Valet * 24 – hour room service * Transportation * Wake – up calls * Telephone operator * Baby sitting services * Foreign currency exchange Internet connectivity The function rooms are WI – FI hotspot with minimal fee Recommendations I r ecommend this for the students who are looking for an establishment to take their practicum/OJT.I also recommend this for the people who are looking for the best hotel for their leisure and relaxation. Conclusion Crown Regency and Residences can provide an additional knowledge for the students to be well trained and well discipline when it comes to professionalism in work environment. The company teaches the student not only to be a professional but also they will learn and know what is the real world is, how to have a confidence is career they chose and to appreciate the art of being a hotelier whether it is in kitchen, in food and beverage, in housekeeping and in front office.

Developmental Theory Piaget and Bowlby - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1384 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2018/12/27 Category Psychology Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Development Essay Learning Essay Did you like this example? The human development issue has been of a relevant nature within the human society. There are different developmental theories that have been researched and published by some of the worlds most renowned psychologists. This among them involves the theory of Bowlby on attachment that lays emphasis on the vitality of a trusting and secure mother-infant bond on well-being and development. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Developmental Theory: Piaget and Bowlby" essay for you Create order The theory on psychosocial by Erikson who believed that childhood played a crucial part in the development of personality will also be featured. This paper is going to look into these theories and determine how they relate to each other not forgetting to also point out the differences that are in existence between the two (Child Development, 2017). Zastrow (2016) describes human development as the continuous process of growth and change, involving physical, mental, emotional, and social characteristics that occur over a lifespan. It involves characteristics that occur in a lifespan in a physical, mental, emotional, and social (p.77). This human growth tends to follow a sequential pattern. However, there are individual differences caused by inheritance and the surrounding. One of the human development stages is the preschool stage; it is the stage right before a child goes to formal school. It is a very important stage because his personality is being shaped with the help of those around them. In addition, they become more independent and interact with others. The psychosocial theory by Erikson was established from Sigmund`s psychosexual theory and his widespread practical field research. It lays emphasis on the change and growth of the individual. He managed to include social and cultural bits into Freud`s sexually and biological oriented theory and concentrated on the manner in which the ecology and experience shaped personality and behavior. A human development lifespan subdivided into eight stages was first developed by Erikson. There is an element of crisis that is associated with each one of the stages that have two opposing emotional forces which are to be solved by the individual in order to successfully progress to the stage that comes next. A basic quality is formed when there is a good balance of the two forces while a penchant on the side of one of the contrasting forces brings about malignancy or maladaptation. There is a link between the stages of transition. It is not an accomplishment scale where the phases of crisis can be resolved eternally. There is a possibility of a previous crisis to reoccur in a positive or negative manner (Thomas, 2014). The driving force of the stages is sexual and physical growth, which stimulates the issues in life that form the crises. Age is not a precise driving factor thus the age range is just but a rough guide, more so during the advanced stages when there is a variation in influences and timing. There is a variation of interpretation in terms of age between academics and writers. The lack of an interpretation of fixed stages of age by Erikson was deliberate as no given person can be able to do it. Bowlby`s theory of attachment was derived from the theory of objects relations and lays emphasis on the creation, furtherance, and caregiver-child relationships growth, alongside sways over emotional and social life. Eventually, the attachment theory by Bowlby was prolonged beyond early childhood and infancy into adulthood and adolescence by Shaver and Hazan (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2016). Erikson`s theory first stage matches the theory of infant attachment by Bowlby, where the caregivers experience with the baby is vital. Bowlby states that there is a development of models of the world and of self through interaction with the figure of attachment by the baby. A negative model results in a lesser satisfactory attachment while positive model results in a secure attachment. Sensorimotor behaviors such as crying are made use of by the infant to make aware of and seek closeness to the figure of attachment. A sense of physical security and stress reduction in a situation that is stressful in nature is attained through the use of this attachment behavioral system. A secure attachment is developed by caregivers who are available, responsive, sensitive and warm. A feeling of worthiness is created when there is a sense of trust. The infant is able to see the world as an inviting and safe place when there is a continuous success in leaving and safe returning to a base of securit y. This results in a gain of confidence to independently move around. There should be good feeding and care for the infant, but caution should be taken not to overindulge or over protect as this results into a wrong sense of trust encouraging gullibility. Thus from this attachment can be regarded to as the basis for identity (Child Development, 2017). Bowlby claimed that attachment is a basic need for an emotional bond with each other that goes beyond the need to be fed. He was of the opinion that this is an evolving need in which a strong bond of emotion between the infant and the mother raises the chances of survival of the infant. He grouped the attachment according to stages and came up with four stages of attachment. Pre-attachment (6 Weeks to between 6 and 8 months) is the first stage where infants carry themselves in a manner that attracts the attention of adults. They become soothed when in the presence of the mother and other people. Attachment in making (6 weeks to about 6 to 8months) is the second phase A sense of trust is build towards the mother by the infants, such that they can rely on them when they are in need. Clear Cut attachment (6 to 8 months- 1 and a half years to 2 years) comes in third place. This is where the attachment is recognized. This is shown through the infant`s preference of the mother over everybo dy else. Anxiety separation kicks in when the mother leaves. Creation of reciprocal relationship (18 months up to years) comes last. Development of language results in the reduction of anxiety. An understanding of the departure and return periods of the mother is developed by the infant (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2016). On the other hand, Erikson refers to his first stage of development as the mistrust vs. trust stage. Where the infant is still just as in the case of Bowlbys theory still highly reliant on the consistency of the caregiver for survival obtaining a feeling of safety, trust, and comfort. Shame vs. Autonomy comes in second. The kid attains a superior sense of control by training towards gaining feelings of independence and control. Initiative vs. guilt stage then sets in where the kids begin to proclaim their control and authority in the areas in which they have influence through social interactions and play. The stage that comes in the fourth place is inferiority vs. industry in which the main area of interest by the child is gaining fresh skills, resulting in the sense of self-gratification. The last stage in this theory is the role confusion vs. identity stage. Children in this stage are in the process of getting to find out their own identity, and a successful completion of this proc ess results in the sense of control and independence by the child (Thomas, 2014). Erikson believed that the success of a succeeding stage was highly dependent on how successful the previous stage was while Bowlby laid emphasis on the security of the bond between the mother and the infant in the success of the stages. The two theorists applied different principles but just seem to have found common ground in their arguments as they complement each other well. A lot of similarities between the two theories in the stages are evident in the paper. The theories provide much-needed quality information on the development of a child that can be useful to many both at the moment and in the future. They complement each other and cover each others deficiencies while also boosting each other and the two researchers contributed so much to getting to understand the developmental framework of a child. References Child Development. (2017, February 15). Retrieved December 01, 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/facts.html Top of Form Thomas, R. M. (2014). Creating human development theories: A guide for the social sciences and humanities. Zastrow, C., Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2016).Understanding human behavior and the social environment. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning.